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threonine and tyrosine kinases such as FLT3, JAK2 and Abl.AZD1152HQPA in vitro induces chromosome misalignment, prevents cell division; andconsequently, reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis. AZD1152 blocksphosphorylation of histone H3 and increases the population of cells with 4N8N DNA content. Preclinical efficacy of AZD1152 in human leukemia cells was also ALK Inhibitors lately demonstrated. It inhibited the proliferation of acute myeloid cell lines,acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line, biphenotypic leukemia, acuteeosinophilic leukemia, as well as the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cellswith an AC50 ranging from 3nM to 40nM, as measured by thymidine uptake on the day ofculture. AZD1152 synergistically increased the antiproliferative effect of vincristine anddaunorubicin.
Recently, in a phase I clinical trial in solid tumor individuals AZD1152 wasreported to be ALK Inhibitors tolerated up to 300mg when administered intravenously with significant diseasestabilization reported in five of eight individuals. AZD1152 was offered as a weekly 2 hrinfusion to individuals with advanced pretreated solid tumors. Dose limiting toxicity wasneutropenia with small nonhematologic toxicity. Despite the preclinical data suggesting apotent suppression of lymphocyte or platelet function by AZD1152, no lymphopenia orthrombocytopenia occurred due to exposure to the drug.VX680VX680inhibits all three family members. VX680 causes accumulation of cells with 4NDNA content and inhibits the proliferation of many different tumor cells. VX680 treatmentresults in cells with high levels of cyclin B1 and 4N DNA content 8 to 12 hrs after release froma G1S block, indicating that cells can enter mitosis.
VX680 induces the accumulation of cellsarrested mapk inhibitor in a pseudoG1 state with 4N DNA content or the accumulation of cells with4NDNA content, the latter population representing cells that exit mitosis and subsequentlyproceed via Sphase in the absence of cell division. VX680 caused endoreduplicationin absence of p53 function that was accompanied by loss of viability. On the other hand, in thepresence of p53 function suppression of endoreduplication correlated with the induction ofp21Waf1Cip1. Recently, VX680 was shown to be effective against several myeloma,particularly in individuals withRHAMM overexpression. More interestingly, VX680 demonstrated potent anticancer activity in chronicmyeloid leukemiaharboring imatinibresistant T351I and dasatinibresistant V299LBcrAbl mutations.
Recently, it was reported that VX680 induced apoptosis preferentiallyin the leukemic blasts with high AURKA expression, but not in typical bone marrowmononuclear cellsor AURKA low acute myeloid leukemiacells, suggestinga potential pharmacologic window for VX680 therapeutic response in AURKAhigh AMLs. Furthermore, NSCLC Haung et alreported reduction of phosphorylated AKT1, activation ofcellular caspases, and an increase in the BaxBcl2 ratio, a known favorable survival element inAML, by VX680 treatment and synergistic enhancement in the cytotoxic effect of VP16 withVX680 in AML cells. VX680 inhibits phosphorylation of histone H3 on Ser 10, causing amarked reduction in tumor size in human AMLxenograft model treated with 75mgKg twice per day for 13 days.
In preclinical models, VX680 blocked tumor xenograft growthand induced tumor regressions. In its 1st phase I clinical trial, VX680 was offered as acontinuous i.v. infusion over many days to individuals with previously treated solid tumors. Theprincipal doselimiting toxicitywas mapk inhibitor grade 3 neutropenia, accompanied by somenonspecific negative effects, such as; lowgrade nausea and fatigue. Disease stabilization wasobserved in a single patient with lung cancer and in a single patient with pancreatic cancer. Thisinhibitor entered in Phase II clinical trial on individuals with chronic myelogenous leukemia andPhiladelphia chromosomepositive acute lymphocytic leukemia. It has to be mentioned, even so, that Merck has recentlysuspended the enrollment in clinical trials on the Aurora kinase inhibitor, VX680, pending afull analysis of all safety data for the drug.
The decision was depending on preliminary safety data,in which a QTc prolongation was observed in a single patient. Patients at present enrolled ALK Inhibitors in thesetrials could continue to be treated with VX680 with added monitoring for QTc prolongation.MLN8054MLN8054is a lately discovered ATPcompetitive Aurora mapk inhibitor Kinase familyinhibitor; it is extremely specific to AURKA but at a greater concentration can inactivate AURKB. MLN8054 is40fold more selective for AURKA than AURKB, it does not degradeor downregulate AURKA but inhibits its phosphorylation. MLN8054, at higherconcentrations, inhibits histone H3 phosphorylation; an indication for AURKB inhibition. Itinduces abnormal mitotic spindles, G2M accumulation, cell death via apoptosis, andphenotypes consistent with AURKA inhibition. Cells treated with MLN8054 develop anabnormal DNA content. These abnormalities with MLN8054 treatment turn out to be morepronounced with time. In contrast to several panAurora kinases, MLN